How to Check Your Czech Business Partner Before It’s Too Late

This article provides specific, actionable answers for foreign investors and companies on how to verify a business partner in the Czech Republic. Are you looking for an English-speaking lawyer in Prague? This guide from ARROWS, a leading Czech law firm based in Prague, European Union, will help you identify critical red flags, understand hidden legal risks, and show you how our experts can protect your investment before you sign a contract.

Need advice on this topic? Contact the ARROWS law firm by email office@arws.cz or phone +420 245 007 740. Your question will be answered by "Mgr. Vojtěch Sucharda", an expert on the subject.

Why You Need More Than a Handshake in Prague

Many foreign investors, particularly from North America, the UK, or Scandinavia, enter the Czech market assuming its business culture is similar to their own. This familiarity can be deceptive. In high-trust, common-law, or consensus-driven cultures, business is often built on relationships, "handshake deals," and flexible interpretations.

This approach is a critical financial liability in the Czech Republic. The local legal culture is built on a foundation of textual literalism and precise civil code. A friendly conversation means nothing; only the exact, formal wording of a signed smlouva (contract) matters.

This cultural and legal gap is where foreign companies face the greatest, and most expensive, risks. Your focus on building a relationship can be seen as a vulnerability, not a strength, in a negotiation.

The Costliest Mistake: The Smluvní Pokuta

The single best example of this legal gap is the Czech contractual penalty, or smluvní pokuta. Foreign managers often mistake this for a standard "liquidated damages" clause, which in their home jurisdiction must be a "genuine pre-estimate of loss".

In Czech law, a smluvní pokuta is a powerful, punitive tool. It is designed to force compliance and is enforceable even if the other party suffered zero financial damage from the breach. Most critically, and unlike in many other legal systems, it can be applied to purely monetary breaches, like a late payment.

A clause might state a 0.5% penalty of the entire contract value for each day an invoice is late. A simple 10-day administrative delay could trigger a penalty of 5% of the total deal, erasing your profit margin. Czech partners often know foreigners misunderstand this clause and may use it as a powerful negotiation lever.

Relying on a court's "power of moderation" to reduce a penalty later is a risky, uncertain, and expensive litigation strategy. The only solution is proactive contract review before you sign.

Need a contract reviewed? Write to us at office@arws.cz.

What Can You Check Yourself? A Basic Verification Guide

The fastest way to get a basic overview of a Czech entity is through the ARES register (Administrativní registr ekonomických subjektů). This is a public aggregator run by the Ministry of Finance that pulls data from multiple source registers, including the Commercial Register and Trade Register.

You can use it to find a company's ID number (IČO), its legal status, and its registered address. However, you must be cautious.

The ARES system itself states that its data is "only informative" and cannot be used as a valid basis in court proceedings. It is a starting point, not a final verification. You must check the official source registers.

What is the Commercial Register (Obchodní rejstřík)?

This is the official register for most business corporations, like a společnost s ručením omezeným (s.r.o. or LLC) or akciová společnost (a.s. or joint-stock company). It is managed by the Ministry of Justice at www.justice.cz.

Here, you can verify:

1. Legal Status: Is the company active, or is it in liquidation?
2. Management: Who is the registered jednatel (managing director) with the authority to sign contracts?. Does this match the person you are negotiating with?
3. Registered Office: What is the company's official address?
4. Collection of Documents (Sbírka listin): This is the most critical part. Companies are legally required to file their annual financial statements here, making it a repository for public scrutiny.

What "Red Flags" should I look for in the Register?

The absence of information is often the biggest red flag.

• Missing Financial Statements: This is a major warning sign. If the company has not filed financial statements for the last one or two years, it suggests poor compliance or an attempt to hide financial distress. This can lead to fines up to CZK 100,000 or even involuntary company dissolution by the court.
• Unreliable "Virtual Office": Check the registered address. Is it a "virtual office" provider that hosts thousands of other companies? This is a common practice, but for certain businesses, it can be a "red flag" for the Czech tax authorities, suggesting a lack of real economic substance.
• Outdated Information: The listed jednatel (director) left the company six months ago, or the company's registered business activities are inaccurate. This undermines the company's credibility and suggests chaotic management.

What is the Trade Register (Živnostenský rejstřík)?

This register confirms what a company is legally authorized to do. A company can be legally registered in the Commercial Register but not licensed to perform the specific activity you are hiring them for.

This register shows their Živnostenský list (trade license). A company’s existence does not equal its authorization. If your partner's founding documents, trade license, and actual business activities do not align, it can create compliance issues or even make your contract unenforceable.

ARROWS provides legal consultations to verify a partner's licenses. Need help? Contact us at office@arws.cz.

How do I check for insolvency?

This is the most critical check you must perform before paying any invoice. Go to www.justice.cz and check the Insolvency Register (Insolvenční rejstřík).

This register will show if your partner is in insolvenční řízení (insolvency proceedings). A company is insolvent if it has multiple creditors and is unable to pay its debts.

Warning: If you make a payment to a company after it has been declared insolvent, that money may be lost. Worse, any payments you received from them in the recent past could be "clawed back" by the insolvency administrator. This means money can be pulled directly from your bank account months later.

FAQ – Legal tips about Czech Public Registers

• What's the biggest 'red flag' in the Commercial Register?
  Missing financial statements. It signals poor compliance and possible financial distress. A company that hides its finances from the public is likely hiding them from you. For a professional review, contact our lawyers at office@arws.cz.
• Is the ARES register enough for a verification?
  No. ARES is an "informative" aggregator and its data is not admissible in court. You must check the source registers (Commercial, Trade, and Insolvency). For a binding legal opinion on a company's status, write to us at office@arws.cz.
• I found the company. Does that mean it's safe to do business?
  No. Registration only proves existence. It does not prove solvency, legal authorization for your specific project, or that the company's directors are reliable. Get tailored legal solutions by writing to office@arws.cz.

Red Flags in Public Registers

Risks and Penalties	How ARROWS Helps
Your partner's financial statements are missing from the Commercial Register. Penalty: The company may be hiding financial distress or facing fines and dissolution.	Legal analysis of compliance status. Need an urgent check? Email us at office@arws.cz.
The partner's listed trade license (Živnostenský rejstřík) does not match the service contract. Penalty: The contract may be unenforceable; the partner is operating illegally.	Contract drafting and compliance review. Do you need a contract prepared? Contact us at office@arws.cz.
Your partner is listed in the Insolvency Register (Insolvenční rejstřík).Penalty: Any payments you make are lost; payments you received may be "clawed back" by the administrator.	Representation in insolvency proceedings. We file your creditor claims. Write to office@arws.cz.
The company's registered office is an unreliable "virtual office". Penalty: This is a "red flag" for tax authorities, suggesting a shell company.	Legal consultations on partner substance. Want to understand your legal options? Email us at office@arws.cz.

What Public Registers Won't Tell You: The Hidden Dangers

A basic check of public registers gives a false sense of security. The most dangerous risks are not in the data you can see, but in the legal context you don't understand. These are the "unknown unknowns" that lead to litigation, fines, and financial losses.

Who is the real owner?

You've checked the Commercial Register, but the listed shareholder may be another holding company. To fight money laundering, the EU requires every company to identify its ultimate beneficial owner (UBO). In the Czech Republic, this is the Evidence skutečných majitelů (Register of Beneficial Owners).

You must check if your partner is compliant. If they have failed to register their UBO, they face severe, company-crippling sanctions.

These penalties include fines up to CZK 500,000, a ban on paying out any profits or dividends (even to you), and most critically, a suspension of all voting rights for the unregistered owner. Imagine acquiring a company or starting a joint venture where your partner cannot legally vote at a general meeting.

Is the director personally liable for company debts?

You see the name of the jednatel (managing director) in the register. For a foreign executive, this name represents a major, hidden liability risk.

Czech law holds directors to a high standard called péče řádného hospodáře, or "due managerial care". This requires directors to act with loyalty, the necessary knowledge, and diligence in all their decisions.

If a jednatel breaches this duty (by acting disloyally, or without sufficient information), they can be held personally liable for the company's entire loss from their own personal assets.

This risk is highest in insolvency. If a jednatel fails to file an insolvency petition "without undue delay" when they should have known the company was insolvent, a court can order them to personally pay the company's creditors.

A director under this legal pressure is a dangerous business partner. A jednatel who knows their personal home and savings are on the line is motivated to hide financial problems or transfer assets to protect themselves. Your due diligence must therefore include an assessment of the solvency and compliance of your partner's management.

ARROWS provides professional training for management on these duties. Protect your executives by emailing office@arws.cz.

What is the Datová Schránka (Data Box)?

Every Czech company is legally required to have a Datová schránka (Data Box). This is a mandatory, official electronic mailbox for all communication with the state (tax office, courts, social security).

The hidden risk is the "10-day delivery fiction". A document sent to your data box is considered legally delivered 10 days after it arrives, even if you never log in and never read it.

This is a critical trap for foreign owners of Czech companies. If you ignore your data box, you can miss a tax audit notification, a court summons, or a fine. You will lose your right to appeal by default.

Hidden Corporate and Liability Risks

Risks and Penalties	How ARROWS Helps
Partner failed to register their UBO in the Evidence skutečných majitelů. Penalty: The partner is banned from paying dividends and cannot exercise voting rights.	Drafting documentation to prevent fines. Need legal help with UBO? Contact us at office@arws.cz.
Your partner's jednatel (director) is facing personal liability for company debts. Penalty: The director may hide financial distress or engage in fraudulent asset stripping.	Legal opinions on director liability. We provide certified training for management. Email us at office@arws.cz.
Your partner (or your own subsidiary) misses a critical deadline in their Datová schránka. Penalty: Missed tax deadlines or default court judgments, leading to fines and legal losses.	Legal consultations to prevent inspections. We manage corporate compliance. Write to office@arws.cz.

How Can You Avoid Legal Risk? The Full Due Diligence Solution

A basic check, which we've just outlined, uses public data. It is fast, free, and can spot obvious red flags.

A full legal due diligence is a comprehensive investigation to uncover the hidden risks. It is essential for any major transaction, acquisition, or partnership. It answers questions the registers cannot:

• Contractual Risk: Are their contracts with suppliers or customers full of toxic smluvní pokuta clauses?
• Tax Risk: Does the company have undisclosed tax, customs, or social security liabilities?.
• Litigation Risk: Is the company involved in (or threatening) litigation that is not yet public?.
• Regulatory Risk: Is the company compliant with GDPR, or for foreign investors, with FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) screening rules?.

The due diligence process in the Czech Republic is often "seller-driven," meaning the seller controls the flow of information. Buyers have fewer independent sources to verify risks. This is a major difference from US/UK practice. You cannot be passive; you need an expert legal team to find what the seller is not volunteering.

A Partner for Your Cross-Border Business

Navigating these risks requires more than just a translator; it requires a deeply experienced legal partner. ARROWS is an international law firm operating from Prague, European Union, specializing in guiding foreign clients.

Our lawyers combine deep local knowledge with an understanding of foreign markets. We support over 150 joint-stock companies and 250 limited liability companies, many of them international firms like yours.

Through our ARROWS International network, built over 10 years, we operate in 90 countries worldwide. We can seamlessly handle complex cross-border transactions, M&A, and compliance, ensuring your investment is secure.

FAQ – Legal tips about Due Diligence

• Is full due diligence really necessary for a simple supply contract?
  For a small contract, a full M&A-level due diligence is not necessary. However, a legal contract review is essential. A hidden smluvní pokuta (contractual penalty) in a "simple" contract can cost you more than the entire deal is worth. For immediate assistance, write to us at office@arws.cz.
• What's the difference between Czech and US/UK due diligence?
  The process in the Czech Republic is often "seller-driven," meaning the seller controls the flow of information. Buyers have fewer independent sources to verify risks like litigation or compliance. This makes it crucial to have an expert Czech law firm to find what the seller isn't showing you. Get expert help at office@arws.cz.
• My partner seems reputable. Why spend money on this?
  Due diligence is not about trust; it's about risk management. Even reputable companies have hidden compliance gaps, tax liabilities, or non-compliant UBO registration that can kill a deal or cost you millions. Get tailored legal solutions by writing to office@arws.cz.

Risks of Skipping Professional Due Diligence

Risks and Penalties	How ARROWS Helps
Signing a contract with a punitive smluvní pokuta. Penalty: Facing crippling financial penalties for a minor breach, like being one day late on a payment.	Contract drafting or review. Let us neutralize hostile clauses. Email us at office@arws.cz.
Acquiring a company with hidden tax and social security debts. Penalty: As the new owner, you become liable for all undisclosed, historical liabilities.	Legal opinions on tax and financial risk. Need a due diligence report? Contact us at office@arws.cz.
Your investment is non-compliant with Czech Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) screening. Penalty: The government can review, impose conditions, or even prohibit a transaction up to 5 years after it closes.	Representation before public authorities. We guide foreign investors. Write to office@arws.cz.
Partner has serious, undisclosed regulatory gaps (e.g., GDPR, environmental). Penalty: Fines, operational shutdowns, and reputational damage.	Preparation of internal company policies. Ensure your partner is compliant. Email us at office@arws.cz.

What’s the Next Step?

A 10-minute search of the public registers can spot obvious fraud, but it will not protect you from the complex legal and financial risks of doing business in the Czech Republic. Don't let a superficial check give you a false sense of security.

The real risks are hidden in contracts, tax histories, and Czech-specific laws that are invisible to foreigners. As a leading Czech law firm in Prague, EU, ARROWS provides the in-depth legal due diligence, contract review, and corporate compliance services you need to operate safely.

Our lawyers are known for their speed, high quality, and experience in helping foreign clients. We can even connect clients with mutual business or investment interests. Protect your investment before it's too late.

Contact our team of English-speaking lawyers today for a confidential consultation at office@arws.cz.

FAQ – Most common legal questions about Checking a Czech Business Partner

1. What does 'jednatel' mean and what is their liability?
A jednatel is the managing director of a Czech s.r.o. (LLC). They are held to a strict standard of "due managerial care" (péče řádného hospodáře). If they breach this duty, they can be held personally liable for the company's debts, especially in insolvency. Our firm provides professional training for directors. Learn more at office@arws.cz.

2. What is the single biggest risk in a Czech contract?
The smluvní pokuta (contractual penalty). Unlike in many legal systems, it is punitive, not compensatory. It can be applied to late payments and does not require the other party to prove they suffered any damage. Never sign a Czech contract without a review. Get help at office@arws.cz.

3. Why is a 'virtual office' a red flag?
An address hosting thousands of companies is not illegal, but it can be a "red flag" for the Czech tax authorities. It may suggest the company has no real operational substance, which can create tax and compliance risks for you as their partner. ARROWS can help verify a partner's true operational status. Write to us at office@arws.cz.

4. What is a Datová Schránka (Data Box)?
It is a mandatory, official electronic mailbox for all Czech companies. All official documents (from courts, tax authorities) are sent here. Crucially, documents are legally considered "delivered" 10 days after arrival, even if you never open them. We manage corporate compliance, including Data Box monitoring. Contact us at office@arws.cz.

5. What happens if I do business with an insolvent company?
You risk having any payments you received from them "clawed back" by the insolvency administrator. Any payments you made to them after insolvency was declared are likely lost. We can file your claims in the insolvenční řízení (insolvency proceedings). For immediate assistance, email office@arws.cz.

6. How can ARROWS help me with an ongoing partner dispute?
Our lawyers provide expert representation in court or before public authorities. We regularly manage complex disputes for our 150+ joint-stock and 250+ s.r.o. clients, including litigation over contractual penalties or insolvency claims. Get tailored legal solutions by writing to office@arws.cz.

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