Residence Registration for EU Citizens in the Czech Republic: Rules and Options

JUDr. Jakub Dohnal, Ph.D., LL.M.
JUDr. Jakub Dohnal, Ph.D., LL.M.
6.5.2026 | ARROWS law firm

Residence registration for European Union citizens in the Czech Republic is a key administrative process at the intersection of EU and national law. The current legal framework (as in force as of April 2026) distinguishes between mandatory reporting of residence to the Foreign Police for stays longer than 30 days and optional registration by way of a registration certificate for stays exceeding three months. This article provides a detailed analysis of the legal framework, procedural requirements, and registration options.

The photograph shows an attorney discussing the topic of residence registration for EU citizens.

Legal basis for the freedom of movement and residence of European Union citizens

Freedom of movement of persons is among the fundamental rights guaranteed to European Union citizens under primary EU law and is codified in various secondary legal acts. 

The legal basis for the residence of EU citizens in the Czech Republic is derived, on the one hand, from the provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which enshrines the free movement of workers and the freedom of establishment, and, on the other hand, from Council Directive 2004/38/EC (the “Free Movement Directive”). This directive was transposed into the Czech legal system through Act No. 326/1999 Coll., on the Residence of Foreign Nationals in the Territory of the Czech Republic (the “Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals”).

The key principle is that citizens of the European Union, as well as citizens of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (treated as EU citizens for the purposes of this Act), may reside in the Czech Republic without any special residence or employment permit. 

Their right of entry and residence is not subject to prior authorisation or a visa, provided they hold a valid travel document or identity card. This principle represents a fundamental difference compared to the regime for third-country nationals, who are subject to stricter controls and residence authorisation requirements. Where residence matters overlap in practice with cross-border aspects (e.g., family, business, or working in multiple states), it may be useful to rely on experience in the area of international law.

The right in question is not absolute and may be restricted only in serious and justified cases, in particular where public policy is breached, public security or health is threatened, or where a person endangers state security. Any limitations must be proportionate and must not become a tool of discrimination, as follows from Article 27 of Directive 2004/38/EC.

Distinction between reporting residence to the Foreign Police and the registration certificate

The legal regulation of the residence of EU citizens in the Czech Republic is based on an important distinction between two separate processes: reporting residence to the competent unit of the Foreign Police and the issuance of a registration certificate issued by the Ministry of the Interior through the Department for Asylum and Migration Policy (OAMP).

Reporting residence to the Foreign Police is mandatory if an EU citizen intends to stay in the Czech Republic for more than thirty days, as set out in Section 93(1)(a) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. This obligation stems from administrative requirements to maintain records of foreign nationals residing in the Czech Republic and serves internal security and statistical purposes.

The report must be made within thirty days of entry into the territory. For a comparison of regimes applicable to non-EU foreign nationals, it may be practical to follow up with the article How to obtain an employee card for work in the Czech Republic: Conditions and procedure for non-EU applicants, which summarises the basic steps and typical requirements of the authorities. If the reporting is carried out through an accommodation provider (hotel, hostel, guesthouse), the accommodation provider fulfils this obligation for the guest under Section 99 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. In other cases, the reporting obligation lies with the foreign national themselves.

The registration certificate, by contrast, is optional rather than mandatory, as stated in Section 87 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Its issuance depends on the EU citizen’s discretion. The registration certificate is issued on the basis of an application submitted to the Ministry of the Interior (specifically, to the relevant OAMP office) where the EU citizen intends to stay in the territory for more than three months. This is therefore a longer period than in the case of reporting residence; reporting applies to stays longer than thirty days, while the certificate applies to stays longer than three months.

From the perspective of legal effect, the registration certificate is declaratory in nature, meaning that holding it does not create rights that would not otherwise exist; it serves only as confirmation of existing rights arising from EU free movement law.

However, in practice the certificate provides tangible advantages: it enables voting in municipal elections and elections to the European Parliament, facilitates access to services tied to identity verification in the population register, and constitutes an important document when dealing with authorities or financial institutions.

Procedure for reporting residence to the Foreign Police and the conditions for compliance

Reporting residence to the Foreign Police is carried out by completing a registration form based on an approved template. The form is available on the websites of the Ministry of the Interior and the Foreign Police, or it can be obtained directly at the Foreign Police office at the place of residence. The form must be completed in Czech and signed by the applicant.

For the purpose of reporting residence, it is necessary to present a travel document (passport or identity card) as proof of the applicant’s nationality and identity. In the case of long-term residence, documentation demonstrating fulfilment of the purpose of stay is also required – for example, an employment contract, proof of studies, or another relevant document depending on the declared purpose, even though such documentation may not always be submitted at the time of reporting but may be requested later.

The report can be made in three ways. The first option is to file it in person at the competent Foreign Police office in the place of the registered residence. The second option is to send the completed form by post to the address of the relevant department, with registered mail recommended. The third option is electronic filing, via a data box, by email with a recognised electronic signature, or through an authorised representative.

A key exception to the obligation to report residence applies where the foreign national arranges accommodation with a collective accommodation provider (hotel, hostel, guesthouse, etc.). In such cases, the accommodation provider completes and submits the registration form themselves, thereby relieving the foreign national of this obligation under Section 99 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

The exception also applies to persons under fifteen years of age and to members of staff of diplomatic missions or international organisations accredited in the Czech Republic, or their family members registered with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

If a foreign national fails to comply with the obligation to report their place of residence within the statutory time limit, they commit an administrative offence for which an on-the-spot fine of up to CZK 3,000 may be imposed, as provided in Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. The fine is imposed for failure to comply with this obligation. However, the report can be filed at any time, and a subsequent fine may still be imposed.

Related questions on reporting residence to the Foreign Police

1. Does an EU citizen have to report their residence even if they are staying with a relative in the Czech Republic?
Yes. If a foreign national intends to stay for more than thirty days and is not staying in a collective accommodation facility, they must report their residence to the Foreign Police regardless of the fact that they are staying with a family member. The report must be filed within thirty days of entry into the territory, either in person, by post, or electronically at the competent Foreign Police office at the place of residence.

2. What documents are required when reporting residence?
The basic documents are a travel document or identity document (passport or ID card) and a completed registration form, as stated on the website of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. If the foreign national has a declared purpose of stay (employment, studies, etc.), they should also have documentation proving this purpose ready when reporting, even though such documentation does not always have to be submitted at the time of reporting, but may be required later.

3. What happens if the residence report is not made on time?
Failure to comply with the reporting obligation within the statutory time limit constitutes an administrative offence for which an on-the-spot fine of up to CZK 3,000 may be imposed on the foreign national in so-called block proceedings, pursuant to Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. The fine is imposed for failure to comply with this obligation.

Certificate of Registration: Legal nature and procedural aspects

The Certificate of Registration (until August 2021 referred to as a "Confirmation of Temporary Residence") is a public document issued to citizens of the European Union confirming their right to remain in the Czech Republic for more than three months. As indicated above, it is not a mandatory document, but an optional certificate issued on the basis of an application submitted to the Ministry of the Interior.

The legal basis for issuing the Certificate of Registration stems from Directive 2004/38/EC, which allows (but does not require) Member States to require registration of residence of EU citizens for more than three months and to issue a Certificate of Registration. Article 8 of the directive sets out which documents states may require for the issuance of the certificate, and the list should be limited to those that are objectively necessary.

In practice, Member States take different approaches to the Certificate of Registration. Although the Czech Republic issues the Certificate of Registration, it has made it optional, as also described by the Ministry of the Interior. By contrast, some countries such as Slovakia, Poland, or Austria require mandatory registration. Conversely, Germany does not issue a Certificate of Registration at all (it abolished it in 2013).

The Certificate of Registration is issued for a period of ten years, pursuant to Section 87(11) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals, and its validity cannot be extended – after the period expires, it is possible to apply for a new certificate or switch to a permanent residence permit.

The format of the certificate is not harmonised at EU level and is therefore left to the decision of individual states; in the Czech Republic, the certificate is issued as a simple paper fold-out without a photograph of the holder, as stated by the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. An exception applies to eligible UK nationals, who are issued the certificate in the form of a plastic biometric card with a photograph and a validity of five years, in line with the Ministry of the Interior’s information on Brexit.

Required documents and their validity

An application for the issuance of a Certificate of Registration must include a number of mandatory documents set out by law, specifically Section 87(3) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. The first and basic document is a completed form titled "EU citizen’s application for the issuance of a Certificate of Registration" using the prescribed template, which is available at the relevant office of the Department for Asylum and Migration Policy (OAMP) of the Ministry of the Interior and on the ministry’s website.

The second essential document is a travel document or identity document, specifically a valid EU citizen’s passport or their national ID card, or an identity document of a citizen of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, or Switzerland. The travel document must always be submitted in the original. A copy may be submitted only if it is an officially certified copy.

The third document that is typically required is one photograph of the applicant meeting the prescribed format (similar to a passport or ID card photo), as provided in Section 87(3)(d) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. The photograph must not be older than 180 days; however, if it corresponds to the applicant’s current appearance, an older photograph may also be used.

The fourth required document is proof of health insurance or evidence that it has been arranged, pursuant to Section 87(3)(c) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. This is typically the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) or a confirmation from the health insurance provider that insurance has been arranged.

However, there is an important exception: if the purpose of stay is employment, business, or other gainful activity, proof of health insurance is not required, as it is assumed that a person staying for such purpose will be insured through their work activity.

If the applicant declares a specific purpose of stay (employment, studies, business, etc.), they should also be prepared with a document proving this purpose, although it is not typically required to be attached to the Certificate of Registration form itself. Such documents may include an employment contract, a study agreement/confirmation, proof of business registration, etc.

A special situation concerns parents and grandparents who are not EU citizens. If they are a parent or grandparent of an EU citizen, they must prove that they are financially supported by the EU citizen who has residence authorisation in the Czech Republic, pursuant to Section 15a(1)(c) and (d) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Such documents may include bank statements, an affidavit/statutory declaration of financial support, etc.

All documents must not be older than 180 days, with the exception of the travel document, civil status documents (birth certificate, marriage certificate), and the applicant’s photograph if it corresponds to their actual appearance, as provided in Section 87(5) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Documents written in languages other than Czech or Slovak must be submitted with an officially certified translation into Czech, in accordance with Section 110(1) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

Remote registration: Legal options and practical limitations

One of the key practical aspects that is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of the digitalisation of public administration is the question of whether an application for a Certificate of Registration can be filed remotely without physical presence in the Czech Republic. The current legal position as of April 2026 addresses this question in part, but with certain limitations.

Formally, an application for a Certificate of Registration is filed with the competent OAMP office of the Ministry of the Interior based on local jurisdiction derived from the declared place of residence in the Czech Republic. In general, the application can be submitted in three ways: in person at the OAMP office, by post (registered mail), or through an authorised representative.

In theory, it should therefore be possible to submit the application without the applicant’s physical presence. However, the practical situation is more complex.

Although it is theoretically possible to submit the application by post or through a representative, the OAMP office typically requires an in-person meeting with the applicant to verify their identity and the accuracy of the information. In some cases, this meeting can be replaced by authenticated communication through an authorised representative, who meets the applicant and carries out in-person identification.

At a time when a unified electronic system for submitting applications has not yet been fully developed, the practical options for remote registration remain limited. Nevertheless, it is expected that future legislative developments will move towards greater digitalisation and easier remote submissions.

At present, it is recommended that persons staying outside the territory of the Czech Republic who are unable to appear in person proceed as follows: send the application with the relevant documents by post to the competent OAMP office marked “booked appointment time”, or demonstrate that they will be physically present in the Czech Republic during a certain period.

The second option is to use an authorised representative (for example, an attorney or an acquaintance) who appears at the OAMP office with all original documents and proves their authenticity. In this case, however, notarised powers of attorney are required, with a specific designation of the purpose of the representation.

Registration procedure and locally competent authorities

An application for a registration certificate is filed at an office of the Asylum and Migration Policy Department (OAMP) of the Ministry of the Interior according to local jurisdiction based on the declared place of residence in the Czech Republic. The Ministry of the Interior is headquartered in Prague at Nad Štolou 3, but the regional OAMP offices are located in the individual regions.

At the moment of filing the application in person, the applicant must have the originals or officially certified copies of all required documents. An OAMP officer will check the completeness of the application, the correctness of the completed form, and the authenticity of the submitted documents. If all documents are in order, the application will be registered and the applicant will be provided with information about the decision deadline.

Decision deadline and issuance of the certificate

Under the applicable regulations, the deadline for deciding on an application for a registration certificate is set at 60 days from the date the application is filed. In standard cases without complications, the certificate is issued faster, often within two to four weeks. The sixty-day period is calculated from the moment the application is registered by the authority, not from the day of its physical delivery.

If, during the decision period, OAMP finds that essential documents are missing or that the documents are incomplete or inaccurate, it will invite the applicant to supplement them within a set time limit. This time limit is usually 15 to 30 days. If the applicant fails to meet the deadline, the application may be rejected. In the event of a positive decision, the certificate is issued; if the application is refused, the applicant has the right to appeal.

Rights and obligations of EU citizens holding a registration certificate

The issuance of a registration certificate brings a number of practical rights as well as obligations. As regards rights, an EU citizen holding a registration certificate may vote in municipal elections and elections to the European Parliament (provided they meet additional formal requirements, such as registration on the electoral roll). The certificate also facilitates access to public administration services linked to identity verification in the population register, for example Bank Identity (Bankovní identita) and other state digital services.

In practical dealings with financial institutions, employers, or landlords, the certificate serves as an important document evidencing nationality and the right of residence. Some financial institutions require it when opening a bank account or arranging a mortgage, although this is only an administrative preference rather than a legal obligation.

As regards obligations, an EU citizen holding a registration certificate must report changes to the information stated in the application—especially a change of place of residence—within 30 days from the date such change occurred, pursuant to Section 96(1) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Failure to report a change constitutes an offence punishable by a fine of up to CZK 3,000, as stated in Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

The loss, destruction, damage, or theft of the certificate must be reported within three days from the date the loss or damage was discovered, pursuant to Section 98 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals, under threat of a fine of up to CZK 5,000 under Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

Related questions about the registration certificate and its practical use

1. Is a registration certificate necessary for an EU citizen to stay in the Czech Republic for more than three months?
No, a registration certificate is not mandatory nor a condition for residence, as stated in Section 87 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. An EU citizen has the right to reside in the Czech Republic without any certificate or permit. The certificate is optional and primarily serves as a legal document facilitating interaction with public authorities and financial institutions. However, if they intend to stay for more than 30 days, they must report their place of residence to the Foreign Police, even if they do not apply for a registration certificate.

2. How long does it take to issue a registration certificate, and can it be expedited?
The statutory deadline for a decision is 60 days from filing the application. In practice, certificates are usually issued faster, on average within 2–4 weeks. The fastest procedure is to submit all original documents in person at one of the OAMP offices. An urgent procedure is generally not possible, but thorough preparation of the documents and timely filing reduces the risk of delayed decisions due to missing information.

3. What are the rights and obligations of an EU citizen holding a registration certificate?
With the certificate, an EU citizen has the right to vote in municipal and European elections, has easier access to state digital services, and it may be requested when dealing with authorities or financial institutions. The obligations include reporting a change of place of residence within 30 days under Section 96(1) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals and reporting the loss of the certificate within 3 days under Section 98 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Failure to comply with these obligations is subject to fines.

4. Is it possible to file an application for a registration certificate from abroad without being physically present in the Czech Republic?
Theoretically yes—the application can be sent by post or through an authorised representative. In practice, however, OAMP often requires a personal meeting with the applicant to verify identity. The simplest option is to apply in person. For situations where physical presence is impossible, it is recommended to use representation and an authorised representative.

Family members of EU citizens and their specific status

The Act distinguishes between so-called close family members and other family members of EU citizens. Close family members include a spouse or registered partner, children under 21, children over 21, and ascendants (e.g., parents and grandparents) of the EU citizen or of their spouse/registered partner, provided they are dependent on them, as defined in Section 15a(1) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

Other family members include additional relatives if they are financially dependent on the EU citizen or are personally cared for by the EU citizen due to a serious health condition, pursuant to Section 15a(2) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

Close family members are inseparably linked in their right of residence to the right of residence of the principal EU citizen. If the EU citizen is registered or holds a registration certificate, their close family members may register automatically or obtain a registration certificate without additional conditions beyond those imposed on the principal EU citizen.

For other family members, the procedure is different. They must prove financial dependency or dependency consisting in personal care, which requires submitting additional documents, such as bank statements, pension documents, medical reports, etc.

The special regime applies to family members of UK nationals who enjoy rights under the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union (the “Withdrawal Agreement”), provided that these family members were resident in the Czech Republic before 31 December 2020 and continue to meet the conditions under the Withdrawal Agreement.

Practical risks and incorrect procedures: Analysis of the most common issues

Although residence registration procedures are clearly defined on paper, in practice various issues arise that may lead to legal consequences or unnecessary delays. The most common issue is failure to meet the deadline for reporting residence to the Foreign Police under Section 93 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

Many foreign nationals are not aware of the obligation to report their residence if they are not accommodated in a collective accommodation facility. As a result, they neglect the reporting obligation and subsequently face a fine of up to CZK 3,000 under Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

The second common issue is incomplete or incorrect completion of the application form for the registration certificate. Applicants often make mistakes when filling in details regarding the purpose of stay, family information, or previous stays. This leads the Department for Asylum and Migration Policy (OAMP) to request additional information, which extends the decision-making period.

The third common issue is missing or outdated documents. In particular, proof of health insurance older than 180 days will be rejected, in accordance with Section 87(5) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Many applicants underestimate the importance of checking document validity periods and submit documents that are no longer current.

The fourth issue is submitting an application for a registration certificate without first reporting residence to the Foreign Police. Although this is not an expressly stated condition, the OAMP often requires proof that the applicant has been residing in the Czech Republic and that, in the meantime, no situation has arisen that would lead to refusal (e.g., a legal dispute). Reporting residence serves as a basis for such verification.

The fifth issue is failure to report a change of address. If an EU citizen holding a registration certificate moves to a different address, they must report this change within 30 days under Section 96(1) of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. Without reporting it, they commit an offence punishable by a fine under Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals.

The sixth issue is incorrect identification of the person to whom the certificate relates. Especially in the case of family members, it may be unclear who the principal person (the EU citizen) is and to whom the derived certificate is issued. This leads to administrative errors and the need for corrections.

Risks when registering the residence of EU citizens in the Czech Republic

Possible issues

How ARROWS can help (office@arws.cz)

Incorrect choice of type of stay (short-term vs. long-term registration): an incorrect approach may lead to loss of lawful residence or sanctions. 

We will help you classify your stay under the rules applicable to EU citizens.

Missing or incomplete documentation (e.g., proof of employment, accommodation, health insurance): the authority may refuse the application or extend the decision-making process. 

We will prepare a list of the required documents for you and help you complete them so that the registration proceeds without repeated submissions. 

Incorrect completion of registration forms or forms for remote submission: any error may cause unnecessary repetition of the process. 

We will help you review and correctly complete the forms, including any remote submission using electronic means, and ensure that all fields are completed in line with current administrative practice. 

Insufficient knowledge of EU citizens’ rights (e.g., the ability to work, study, use social services): this may result in disadvantageous decisions or unnecessary burden. 

We will provide tailored legal advice on EU citizens’ rights, including employment-related residence, social rights and remote services, so that you can fully use your legal options. 

Final summary

Registration of European Union citizens for residence in the Czech Republic is a complex process involving two basic procedures: mandatory reporting of residence to the Foreign Police for stays longer than 30 days, as set out in Section 93 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals, and an optional registration certificate for stays longer than three months, under Section 87 of the same Act.

Although at first glance these may appear to be simple administrative steps, the reality is more complex and includes a number of pitfalls, exceptions and practical risks. Reporting residence is a legal obligation, and failure to register is punishable by a fine of up to CZK 3,000 under Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. The registration certificate is optional, but practically useful for interactions with public authorities and financial institutions. The procedures differ and require different documents, which must be valid and submitted in the original or with a certified translation.

The current legal framework may in the future develop towards greater digitalisation and potentially also the introduction of mandatory registration, in line with European trends. Practical risks include failure to report residence on time, incomplete completion of forms, outdated documents, failure to report changes in details, and the absence of physical presence when submitting an application without a power of attorney. These risks may lead to refusals, fines, or complications in future legal matters.

At the national level, the Czech Republic is gradually moving closer to the approaches of some neighbouring countries (Austria, Slovakia), which have mandatory registration. This development is part of a broader EU trend towards better control and recording of the movement of persons, justified by security and statistical considerations.

For EU citizens planning to stay in the Czech Republic, it is therefore essential to understand both the current procedures and potential future changes. A responsible approach includes timely reporting of residence to the Foreign Police and considering submitting an application for a registration certificate, especially if a longer-term stay is planned.

The attorneys of ARROWS, a Prague-based law firm, can help you navigate the legal framework for registering European Union citizens for residence in the Czech Republic, prepare the required supporting documents, set up processes enabling as much of the agenda as possible to be handled remotely, and, in the event of complications, also assist with dispute resolution or communication with the authorities.

If you are unsure how to proceed correctly with residence registration in the Czech Republic, or if you are already encountering complications when communicating with the authorities or obtaining documents remotely, contact us at office@arws.cz. 

FAQ - Registration of EU citizens in the Czech Republic

1. What exactly is the difference between reporting residence to the Foreign Police and a registration certificate?
Reporting residence is mandatory for stays longer than 30 days and is done with the Foreign Police. Its purpose is administrative registration. The registration certificate is optional and is issued by the Ministry of the Interior for stays longer than three months. It serves as a legal document proving residence authorisation. The two procedures are separate and should not be confused.

2. What happens if a foreign national fails to comply with the residence reporting obligation on time?
Failure to comply with the residence reporting obligation constitutes an administrative offence and may be sanctioned by a fine of up to CZK 3,000, which may be imposed on the spot pursuant to Section 158 of the Act on the Residence of Foreign Nationals. The fine may also be imposed later, even if the obligation was fulfilled late. However, apart from the fine, this does not affect the right of residence itself, because reporting is not a condition for residence.

3. Does the registration certificate need to be renewed and extended?
Yes, the registration certificate is valid for ten years and, after it expires, you may apply for a new certificate or  you may apply for a permanent residence permit in the Czech Republic.

4. Is it possible to submit an application for a registration certificate from abroad without the person being physically present in the Czech Republic?
Theoretically yes, the application can be sent by post or through an authorised representative. In practice, however, the Department for Asylum and Migration Policy (OAMP) often requires a personal meeting with the applicant to verify identity. The easiest option is to file the application in person. In situations where physical presence is not possible, it is recommended to use a power of attorney and a representative.

Notice: The information contained in this article is of a general informational nature only and is intended to provide basic guidance on the topic under the legal framework as of 2026. Although we take the utmost care to ensure accuracy, legal regulations and their interpretation evolve over time. We are ARROWS, a Prague-based law firm registered with the Czech Bar Association (our supervisory authority), and for maximum client protection we maintain professional liability insurance with a limit of CZK 400,000,000. To verify the current wording of the regulations and their application to your specific situation, it is necessary to contact ARROWS directly (office@arws.cz). We accept no liability for any damages arising from the independent use of the information in this article without prior individual legal consultation.

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